Author: Durdana Saleem Researchers can use any type of formatting style for their researches whether it is thesis or project or paper. For various disciplines Chicago, APA, and MLA are most commonly used. But in these widely used styles APA is famous. APA, short for American Psychological Association is a style for academic documents, journals, publications and books etc. Details for using this style are given below:
8. Margins: For thesis and books (1.5 inches left and 1 inches right, top and bottom), for articles/ journals/ and papers (). 9. Spacing: Spacing in text should be 1.5 mm or double 10. Tables and figures: Names or small description about tables or figures should come under it. Also tables should be in simple form. Formats of some parts may be different according to your university or supervisors’ requirements so be sure to check it with your supervisor and university. You may also change formats according to your interest but it should be readable and look academic. Note: Headings and subheadings must never appear at the bottom of a page without any following text. You should start them from the next page, even if it means leaving a larger lower margin on the previous page.
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Author: Durdana Saleem It was the first day of school. All the first graders were excited to start their first class in school. The teacher comes in and after the introductions; she says that today we will be drawing using colors. Everyone got excited because kids love playing with colors and drawing. She told everyone to take the papers and colors and start drawing flower. Every child drew flowers of different colors. Some used various colors for stems, leaves and petals. After some time teacher asked the kids to show what they drew. This is what they showed. When the teacher saw these works of kids, rather than appreciating them for their creative ways of drawing she said "this is wrong", you DO NO draw like this. WHAT IS WITH SO MANY COLORS? IS THIS HOW YOU DRAW FLOWER? WHY DID YOU PUT CIRCLES AND LINES IN THEM? YOU HAVE GOT IT ALL WRONG, ALL OF YOU DREW WRONG. Now I will show you how to draw a flower. Everybody look here carefully and draw like I am doing. Look this is how you are supposed to draw flower, flower should be red with a yellow circle, stem and leave should be green. Learn it and you should always draw flower like that, OK, otherwise I will mark cross on it and you will get zero marks. After a few weeks, in the drawing class; first graders were told that today they will draw flowers again. This is what everybody drew. Of course the kids were disappointed that they can’t draw however they like to. But to get good results and show to their parents they need to be obedient to their teachers and DO AS THEY ARE TOLD. That day was the beginning for those kids to bring out their inner talents and improve them; they started noticing the complexities of outside world. Getting full of happiness, pleasure and excitement when they are able to do something or discover something new. But they were shut down immediately and were told that they can only see what they are shown and do what they are told to. Other than that they are not allowed to do anything and if they do, they get a BIG “F” on their works or are discouraged. This is what happening to them. This is what is happening to our children in different education systems despite us being declared as free citizens. We are not actually free thanks to this education system and society, we do not have freedom even though we are declared as one, we can’t do what we want to even though we have the ability to , and we can’t see what we want to when we have eyes to see far in the future.
Are you happy… your kids are being CHAINED IN BOXES… their future is decided to remain in those small worlds… IS THIS WHAT YOU WANT FOR YOUR KIDS…? THINK about it. Author: Durdana Saleem,
How to start a research thesis:
A research thesis or project consists of preliminary pages, 5 chapters and references and appendix. Their title and description are given below: Preliminary Pages: Title page: It includes topic name, your program name e.g. BS, MS. PHD, also mention whether your work is in whole or partial fulfillment of your degree or not, your name and some info like roll no and session, supervisors’ name and lastly the institute in which you are studying. (Compulsory) Declaration Form: declare your name and research topic and tell that it is your own work and has not been submitted previously. Sign this page and have it signed by your supervisor and head of department. (Optional) Certificate: this page certifies that your work is done by you and it is not stolen from anybody. This page is signed by your internal examiner, external examiner and HOD. (Optional) Dedication: it's a person's own choice , at this page dedicate your work to whom you want to dedicate. (Optional) Acknowledgement: in this page you acknowledge people and the extent to which you want to acknowledge them, like your friends, class fellows, teachers, parents, siblings, supervisors or any other person who have helped you and supported you. (Optional) Abstract: It is concise summary of your research work, it contains a brief description of research aims, method used, subjects from which data is collected, findings/conclusion and a few suggestions. Abstract must not exceed 350 words. (Compulsory) List of Tables: in this page no of tables, table title, page number where the table is are included. (If any) List of figures: After the list of tables from next page list of figures start, must list them with figure number, titles or caption of figure, and page numbers. List of figures include figures, charts, photographs, graphs, technical drawings, and maps. (If any) List of abbreviations or others should also start from new page. Abbreviations, symbols and other things are used more than once in thesis that’s why their page number is not mentioned. Only abbreviation and their complete words are written, it is same for other things. (Optional) Table of contents: Table of contents is very important because it gives a list of things that are in the thesis. It is easy for readers to check something they want to look at rather than going through whole thesis. It includes title and page number of preliminary pages (Acknowledgement, abstract, list of tables, list of figures etc.), chapters (chapter name, headings and subheadings in chapters), reference / bibliography, appendix and end notes. (Compulsory) (Note: Each list and part of preliminary page should start from top of new page. Also each entry in list of tables, figures etc. You may also put dots between title and page number) Chapter 1: Introduction Introduce your topic in this chapter. Start from a general point that everybody know (or at least people of that area know) and move to your topic in a smooth way. Introduce keywords of your topic and a few researches on your topic. Not just introduction chapter but text in every chapter should be coherent it shouldn’t look like that every paragraph is different and there is no connection between them. When you start describing a new point connect it with previous one so that it becomes one thing. Don’t forget to give citation of text that is taken from someone else’s work, everyone should be given credit for their work because plagiarism is a serious crime. This chapter also includes statement of the problem, objectives of your study, significance of study, research questions of your study. Chapter 2: Literature Review Give proper definitions on keywords in your research topic with citation. Give small reviews of lot of past researches on your keywords of your topic and variables that you want to study on. Don’t forget to give citation. Chapter 3: Method / Methodology This chapter includes description of method used, research design, population of study, participants, sampling strategy/ sample, pilot testing, procedure of data collection, analysis of data etc.. Some points can be excluded or included depending on your research methodology. Chapter 4: Analysis of Data Analyze your results in this chapter in detail with charts, graphs, tables, illustrations etc. Chapter 5: Discussion, Findings and Conclusion Give summary of finding with respect to your research questions/ aims/ themes, give conclusion and suggestion/recommendation for future researches. References: All the references from where you added any information or data or citation must be included at the end. References can be in different formats like Chicago, Turabian, APA styles etc., there are also different editions of these formats. Appendix: It comes after references and in this part you may add your questionnaire, interview questions or other tools you used for study. You can add some tables in this part that can be helpful for readers or to give more detailed results of your study. This is it... Author: Durdana Saleem A simple lesson plan usually contain 8 to 10 parts that need to followed for better teaching. Lesson plans are created for subjects and topics separately for clear understanding for both teachers and students. Lesson Plans are also part of teaching portfolio. I am sharing a guide for lesson planning. Guide for Lesson planning Here I will be giving a guide on how to write a lesson plan. Lesson planning is an important part of teaching portfolio. Student teachers may be required to prepare lesson plans as assignments during their studies to prepare them beforehand. During studies student teachers play mock lessons with their classmates as students. Lesson Planning Lesson planning is important and many STs have difficult time in writing them because they don’t know its parts. Main parts of a lesson plan are described below. A simple lesson plan contains following parts:
Author: Durdana Saleem The document "Guide for Teaching Portfolio" contains description of parts of teaching portfolio. It is helpful for both Student Teachers (STs) and professional teachers. Teachers need this portfolio as a proof of how they spend their teaching time. It is helpful for future reference and jobs. Guide for Teaching Portfolio: All student teachers (STs) talk about Teaching Portfolio. It is a portfolio that contains a complete and organized record of all the tasks done during teaching practice. The ST record his/her lesson plans, activities student best works etc. Professional teachers also keep teaching portfolios as a record of their teaching for future references. It is a really important and helpful document for teachers. If we look at teaching portfolio, overall it consists of following main points: (professional teachers’ portfolio may exclude or include some points from following)
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AuthorHey, I am Durdana Saleem. I am a researcher, Blog writer and freelancer. ArchivesCategories
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